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Five-axis machining is a mode of CNC machining. The machine tool used for five-axis machining is usually called a five-axis machine or five-axis machining center. Five axes refer to the x, y, and z three movement axes plus any two rotation axes. Compared to the common three-axis (x, y, and z) machining, five-axis machining is when machining parts with complex geometries, requiring the cutting tool to be positioned and connected on five degrees of freedom. Five-axis machining is commonly used in the aerospace field to process free-form surfaces of body parts, turbine components, impellers, and more. The five-axis machine can process different sides of the workpiece without changing the position of the workpiece on the machine, greatly improving the machining efficiency of prismatic parts.
When the cutting tool moves towards the top or the edge of the workpiece, the cutting state gradually worsens. To maintain the best cutting state, the worktable needs to be rotated. If the irregular surface needs to be machined completely, the worktable needs to be rotated in different directions multiple times. With the position of the tool tip known, the five-axis machine can deflect the tool to avoid the center point of the ball-end milling cutter cutting at zero speed and obtain a better surface quality.
Five-axis CNC machine tools perform side-wall machining through the pivot of the spindle head, which eliminates the need for multiple component clamping, effectively reduces positioning errors, improves machining accuracy, and shortens the production chain. In aerospace, automotive, and other industries, the high flexibility, precision, integration, and complete machining capabilities of five-axis CNC machine tools can solve the precision and cycle problems of complex part machining in the new product development process, greatly shortening the development cycle and improving the success rate of new products.
Three-axis CNC machines cannot meet the machining requirements for steep sidewalls of impellers, blades, and molds, while five-axis CNC machines can complete such machining by controlling the tool axis space attitude angle. At the same time, it can achieve short cutting depth and improve system rigidity, reduce the number of cutting tools, avoid the use of special tools, and expand the use of universal tools, thereby reducing production costs. For some inclined surfaces, five-axis CNC machining can use the side edge of the tool to complete the sidewall cutting of the part in a circular milling manner, thereby improving machining efficiency and surface quality. Three-axis CNC machining relies on layered cutting of the tool and subsequent polishing to approximate the inclined surface.
